口腔种植中的美学设计与美学处理
周围的软组织脆弱，血管少，愈合能力差，应该避免反复的手术，修复后的处理一般很难得到更理想的效果。因此，术中对软组织的处理，极大影响修复后软组织的美学效果。
总之，对于修复后美学效果的维护也只是在术后处理的基础上，保持已经达到的美学效果。这个保持就需要上面提到的，牙龈炎症、牙槽骨吸收、种植体周围炎的控制。
参考文献
[1] Penarrocha M , U ribe R, Balaguer J. Immediate imp lants after extraction. A review of the current situation [ J ]. M ed O ral,2004, 9 (3) : 2342242.
[2] WERBITTMJ , GOLDBERG P V. The immediate implant : bone preser2 vation and bone regeneration. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent , 1992 ,12(3) :2062217.
[3]Becker W, Becker BE. Flap designs for minimization of recession adjacent to maxillary anterior implant sites: a clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996; 11:46- 54
[4]Landsberg . Implant placement without flaps: a single - stage surgical protocol——Part 1. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1998 Oct; Vol. 10(8), pp. 1033- 9
[5]Fortin T, Bosson JL, Isidori M, et al. Effect of flapless surgery on pain experienced in implant placement using an 对本回答还有问题可以上www$yake#net#cn，加牙齿疼痛QQ群了解：144#2704%84，image - guided system. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2006, (21) :298- 304
[6] Becker W, Goldstein M, Becker BE, et al. Minimally invasive flapless implant surgery: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005,(7) :S21- S27
[7] Van Steenberghe D, Glauser R
总之，对于修复后美学效果的维护也只是在术后处理的基础上，保持已经达到的美学效果。这个保持就需要上面提到的，牙龈炎症、牙槽骨吸收、种植体周围炎的控制。
参考文献
[1] Penarrocha M , U ribe R, Balaguer J. Immediate imp lants after extraction. A review of the current situation [ J ]. M ed O ral,2004, 9 (3) : 2342242.
[2] WERBITTMJ , GOLDBERG P V. The immediate implant : bone preser2 vation and bone regeneration. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent , 1992 ,12(3) :2062217.
[3]Becker W, Becker BE. Flap designs for minimization of recession adjacent to maxillary anterior implant sites: a clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996; 11:46- 54
[4]Landsberg . Implant placement without flaps: a single - stage surgical protocol——Part 1. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1998 Oct; Vol. 10(8), pp. 1033- 9
[5]Fortin T, Bosson JL, Isidori M, et al. Effect of flapless surgery on pain experienced in implant placement using an 对本回答还有问题可以上www$yake#net#cn，加牙齿疼痛QQ群了解：144#2704%84，image - guided system. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2006, (21) :298- 304
[6] Becker W, Goldstein M, Becker BE, et al. Minimally invasive flapless implant surgery: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005,(7) :S21- S27
[7] Van Steenberghe D, Glauser R
